oldephartte(in training): Breaking the Set

Tuesday, March 11, 2014

Breaking the Set

English: US Postage stamp: LBJ, 1973 issue, 8c (Photo credit: Wikipedia)

LoHou Border Crossing (Photo credit: Carolinadoug)

Richard Milhous Nixon, 37th President of the United States (Photo credit: Wikipedia)

Michael Connolly

, Ronan Connolly

Connolly Scientific Research Group. Dublin, Ireland.

Abstract

Atmospheric pro les in North America during the period 2010-2011, obtained from archived weather

balloon radiosonde measurements, were analysed in terms of changes of molar density (

) with pressure

(

). This revealed a pronounced phase change at the tropopause. The air above the troposphere (i.e.,

in the tropopause/stratosphere) adopted a \heavy phase", distinct from the conventional \light phase"

found in the troposphere. This heavy phase was also found in the lower troposphere for cold, Arctic winter

radiosondes.

Reasonable ts for the complete barometric temperature pro les of all of the considered radiosondes

could be obtained by just accounting for these phase changes and for changes in humidity. This suggests

that the well-known changes in temperature lapse rates associated with the tropopause/stratosphere regions

are related to the phase change, and not \ozone heating", which had been the previous explanation.

Possible correlations between solar ultraviolet variability and climate change have previously been ex-

plained in terms of changes in ozone heating in uencing stratospheric weather. These explanations may

have to be revisited, but the correlations might still be valid, e.g., if it transpires that solar variability in u-

ences the formation of the heavy phase, or if the changes in incoming ultraviolet radiation are redistributed

throughout the atmosphere, after absorption in the stratosphere.

The ts for the barometric temperature pro les did not require any consideration of the composition

of atmospheric trace gases, such as carbon dioxide, ozone or methane. This contradicts the predictions of

current atmospheric models, which assume the temperature pro les are strongly in uenced by greenhouse

gas concentrations. This suggests that the greenhouse e ect plays a much smaller role in barometric

temperature pro les than previously assumed.

In the current paper (Paper I), we will analyse

9

weather balloon data taken from public archives, in

10

terms of changes of molar density with pressure, and

11

related variables. By doing so, we discover a phase

12

change associated with the troposphere-tropopause

13

transition, which also occurs in the lower tropo-

14

sphere under cold, polar winter conditions. We

15

nd that when this phase change is considered, the

16

changes in temperature with atmospheric pressure

17

(the

barometric temperature pro les

) can be described

18

in relatively simple terms. These descriptions do

19

not match the radiative physics-based infra-red cool-

20

ing/radiative heating explanations used by current

21

models. We present theoretical explanations of these

22

simple descriptions from thermodynamic principles

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